Oral Candida colonization in HIV-infected patients: Species and antifungal susceptibility in Tripoli/Libya
Published on: 3rd August, 2018
OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: 7844539006
Introduction: Candidiasis is more frequent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and knowledge about the distribution and antifungal susceptibility of oral Candida species is important for effective management of candidiasis.
Material and Methods: An oral rinses sample collected from hundred HIV-infected patients with and without clinical evidence of oral candidiasis in this study at the Infectious Department/Tripoli Medical Center, Libya. Species identified by standard phenotypic and conventional methods and in vitro susceptibility testing of the yeast isolates to antifungals were performed using the Disc diffusion method protocol as recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Scientific Institute.
Results: Oral Candida colonization is detected in all patients with and without clinical syndromes, and Candida albicans were accounted for (74%), C. dubliniensis (11%) and C. glabrata (6%). A high proportion of Candida species (42%) showed decreased susceptibility to fluconazole. Among C., albicans more than 30% of isolate were resistant to most new azole antifungal including fluconazole, itraconazole, posoconazole and voriconazole.
Conclusions: A significant number of oral Candida species particular Candida albicans exhibiting decreased susceptibility to fluconazole were isolated from colonized HIV-infected individual, given the high incidence and severity of fungal infections in HIV-infected individuals. The results of this study reinforce the importance of antifungal susceptibility testing, which contributes to the therapeutic strategies and highlights the need for continuous surveillance of Candida colonization in this population.
Successful management of disseminated Fusarium infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia
Published on: 17th September, 2018
OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: 7877981809
Background: Invasive fungal infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in patients with hematologic malignancies and in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Case: We report a patient with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia who developed disseminated Fusarium infection during the neutropenic period following the salvage cycle of chemotherapy given at King Fahad specialist Hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The invasive fungal infection was successfully managed with a combination of voriconazole and liposomal amphotericin-B.
Discussion: Fusarium species can cause invasive infections that may become disseminated and life-threatening in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
Conclusion: Combined antifungal therapy and recovery of neutrophil count are essential to control invasive Fusarium infections
Predictors of Candidemia infections and its associated risk of mortality among adult and pediatric cancer patients: A retrospective study in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Published on: 18th May, 2018
OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: 7666319312
Objectives: As the cancer patients are at higher risk of premature deaths due to candidemia. So, the present study aims to evaluate the predictors of candidemia along with its outcomes among hospitalized adults and pediatric cancer patients.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care cancer hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The data was collected from the medical records of all the patients who were found positive for Candida species between 1st January 2017 and 31st June 2017. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and Microsoft Excel (MS Office 2010).
Results: Overall, 135 patients were detected with candidemia. Based on blood culture test results, it was found that out of 100 cultures positive for any microorganism there were 2 cases of candidemia. Multivariate analysis revealed that hematological malignancies (AOR: 2.1), and shock (AOR: 9.1) were significantly associated with high risk of mortalities during the index hospitalization, while risk of mortality among cancer patients suffering from Candida albican infection (AOR: 0.47) and those who were administered with antifungal agent after sensitivity report of the fungal culture (AOR: 0.2) was significantly less. Also, there was no significant association of empiric therapy of antifungal agent with the risk of mortality before a positive culture found (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Although, no risk factor was found to be associated significantly with candidemia among cancer patients. But hematological malignancies, non-albican candidemia and shock were predictors of higher risk mortality during index hospitalization.
ABC and MFS Transporters: A reason for Antifungal drug resistance
Published on: 5th January, 2018
OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: 7547603158
Fungi cause a variety of diseases and are difficult to treat owing to their eukaryotic nature resulting in dearth of antifungal targets at hand. This problem is further elevated many folds due to the resistance mechanisms of fungi through which they circumvent the antifungal drugs administered for therapeutic purposes. Fungi have a variety of strategies for obtaining these resistances, amongst them pivotal role is played by the ABC and MFS transporters. This article encompasses the important genes and their respective roles of both the classes of the transporters in different species of fungi.
Antifungal activity of epecific plant essential oils against fusarium graminearum
Published on: 31st October, 2020
OCLC Number/Unique Identifier: 8872656156
fusarium graminearum is one of the most popular phytopathogens of cereals worldwide. F. graminearum is the major causal agent of head blight of wheat and barley. Disease-resistant cultivar development, antagonistic microorganism usage and fungicide treatment are the most common strategies in head blight management strategies. However, these methods have some important disadvantages. The use of plant-derived essential oil against F. graminearum seems to be a promising approach due to the recent researches. This review summarizes the potential use of essential oils to fight against F. graminearum.
Antimycolytic agents: fungistatic and fungicide
Published on: 6th May, 2022
Invasive fungal infections are described as a continuous and severe harm to human health and they are associated with at least 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Amphotericin B exerts its activity through hydrophobic interactions with cell membrane ergosterol, cause the rupturing or leakage of cell membrane. The antifungal azole medicine group is classified as imidazoles (clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole) and triazoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole) that are named according to the number of nitrogen atoms in the azole ring. Flucytosine is a first-line treatment for the management of cryptococcal meningitis. The most routine adverse effects of fluconazole involve accelerated liver enzymes, gastrointestinal complaints, headache, and skin rash. If antacids, PPIs, H2 blockers administered together with ketoconazole medicines; they will reduce the blood levels of ketoconazole by increasing gastric pH because ketoconazole requires an acidic media for dissolution and systematic absorption. Griseofulvin ruptures mitotic spindle during metaphase by interacting with fungal microtubules-(-), fungal mitosis (metaphase arrest), adequate to block expansion of fungi (drug is static), preventing them from damaging.
Bio-inspired fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles: Insight into biomedical applications
Published on: 11th August, 2022
Nanotechnology is starting the characterization, fabrication, and possible applications of numerous materials at the Nano-scale. Over the last few eras, nanomaterials provide a platform for researchers from diverse arenas due to the high surface-to-volume ratio and other novels, and new significant belongings. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are receiving diverse biomedical applications because of their distinctive antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-larvicidal, wound healing, anticholinergic, and anti-diabetic properties. Different physical and chemical approaches have been used to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles, but these methods cause ecotoxicity and are time-consuming and costly. Therefore, there is a need for more eco-friendly, cost-effective, and safe methods. Such biogenic Zinc oxide nanoparticles offer more advantages over other physiochemically synthesized methods. In this review, we have summarized the recent literature for the understanding of the green synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles, their characterization, and their various biomedical applications.
Identification, characterization of candida species isolated from cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis along with their antifungal susceptibility by vitek-2 system
Published on: 29th August, 2022
One of the most severe threats to world health is the Candida species. Many non-Candida species are the major cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). During the development of VVC, the host environment and Candida vaginal colonization are assumed to be out of balance, and this might be owing to physiological or non-physiological changes. Host-related and behavioral risks have been connected to VVC. Novel antifungal medications with particular molecular targets may be developed with the use of molecular tools in epidemiological research and the study of resistant Candida species. Using the Vitek-2 Antifungal Susceptibility System, this review will explain the many approaches used to identify and characterize Candida species isolated from vulvovaginal candidiasis patients.
Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Jatropha dioica
Published on: 10th February, 2023
Jatropha dioica sesse ex cerv is a specie native to Mexico and Texas, commonly known as “sangre de drago“, its name is due to its colorless juice turning dark at exposure to the wind. This mini-review aims to collect information about the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Jatropha dioica. The phytochemicals identified are diterpenes, (citlalitrione, jatrophone and riolozatrione), β-sitosterol, oxalic acid and ellagic acid. The stems, whole plant, or the root of J. dioica in traditional medicine are used to avoid hair loss, as an antibacterial, and antiviral, to strengthen teeth, and to heal some injuries among others uses. Among the biological activities attributed to Jatropha dioica are found in antiviral activity, antifungal, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, anti-hyperglycemic and cytotoxic. However, the little information about the chemical composition of this species and the scarce scientific studies validating its pharmacological properties make J. dioica an interesting species to study.
Determination of the Potential for use of Plant Essential Oils as a Fungicide Against Fusarium Oxysporum (OG10)
Published on: 22nd September, 2023
This study aimed to determine whether the essential oils of thyme, ginger, and mint from medicinal aromatic plants can provide resistance to the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum in the maize plant. To this end, the antifungal effect of 0.1 ml, 0.25 ml, 0.5 ml, and 1 ml essential oil amounts was determined by the agar disc diffusion method. It was determined that concentrations containing 0.1, and 0.25 ml essential oil showed no antifungal effects, however, concentrations containing 0.5 and 1 ml essential oil had antifungal effects. The most effective concentration was found to be 1 ml of essential oil in all three species. The maize was grown under hydroponic conditions. Thyme, ginger, and mint essential oils (1 g/100 ml) were applied to the root medium of the grown maize plant on the 8th day. An F. oxysporum suspension containing 107 spores was applied after 24 hours and harvested 3 days later. When the reactive oxygen species (H2O2) and MDA amounts of the harvested plants were examined, it was observed that there was an increase in the population of F. oxysporum. However, applications of thyme, ginger, and mint essential oil have been observed to significantly reduce these. It was also determined that essential oils protected the plant against F. oxysporum by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. Although these three essential oils applied have antifungal properties, it has been observed that the best effect belongs to thyme essential oil. The results show that essential oils of thyme ginger and mint can be used as potential fungicides against the pathogen F. oxysporum in maize cultivation
Phytochemical Compounds and the Antifungal Activity of Centaurium pulchellum Ethanol Extracts in Iraq
Published on: 25th June, 2024
The current study included a variety of phytochemical substances that were extracted from Centaurium pulchellum and showed a wide range of medicinal properties from the plant's reproductive and vegetative parts against the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus. The vegetative and reproductive components of Centaurium pulchellum were subjected to (GC-MS) analysis for phytochemical study. The data indicated that fungal activity was the highest. Four extract concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg/ml were utilized in the investigation, and the diameter of the colonies measured at each concentration was 90.00, 36.00, 28.00, 18.00, and 0.00 mm, respectively.Nine bioactive phytochemical compounds were found in Centaurium pulchellum's vegetative and reproductive portions, according to GC-MS analysis of the chemicals. Another study reported phytochemical substances that: 1-H-Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 1-methyl-;Acetaminophen; n-Hexadecanoic acid; Mercaptoacetic acid, 2TMS derivative; 1.2,3-Dimethyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-benzenediol #; Mercaptoethanol, 2TMS derivative-; Bis-(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl) phthalate Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl) orthosilicate #;- 1.1-Isopropoxy-3,3,3-trimethyl-1-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]disiloxanyl tris(trimethylsilyl) orthosilicate #.
Antifungal Efficacy of Panchgavya Formulations against Rhizoctonia solani: An Incitant of Rice Sheath Blight
Published on: 2nd October, 2024
The main rice-grown crop was found severely affected by sheath blight in the south Gujarat region. Sheath blight of rice symptoms were noticed on leaf blades and the sheath just above the water level. The isolation was done from infected parts and purified by the hyphal tip method on PDA which was maintained at 4 oC. The seven different panchgavya formulations of five cow products such as cow urine, dung, curd, ghee, and milk that designed as PG1, PG2, PG3, PG4, PG5, PG6, and PG7. The PG against test pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in vitro condition by the poisoned food technique and that tested at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 percent concentrations. It was observed that panchgavya were able to suppress the growth of R. solani. Among the different formulations, PG1 was significantly effective at all concentrations as compared to other PG formulations against R. solani.
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Streptomyces sp. PERM2, its Potential Modes of Action and Bioactive Compounds
Published on: 18th November, 2024
Background: Microorganisms belonging to Streptomyces sp. are Gram-positive bacteria known for their unsurpassed capacity for the production of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of ethyl acetate Streptomyces sp. PERM2 extract, its potential modes of action and bioactive secondary metabolites.Results: The ethyl acetate PERM2 extract showed antimicrobial activity more pronounced on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value (MIC) of 0.5 mg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 2 - 4 mg/mL against bacterial pathogens. MIC value against pathogenic fungi was 2 mg/mL and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of 0.01 - 0.05 mg/mL against pathogenic fungi. PERM2 crude extract showed the ability to inhibit bacteria cell wall synthesis at 0.5 and 1 MIC. The extract was found to possess dose-dependent 2,2-Diphenyl-picrylhadrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and Ferric reducing activity. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds identified as 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) (29.75%), tridecyl trifluoroacetate (24.82%) and 1-(+)-ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (22.34%). The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the presence of 22 non-volatile metabolites in PERM2 extract and only the compound 3, 30-O-dimethylellagic acid was identified. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that ethyl acetate Streptomyces sp. PERM2 extract possesses antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities; inhibits bacteria cell wall and protein synthesis; and contains significant bioactive secondary metabolites which could be used as an alternative to multi-resistance antibiotics.
Evolution of Antifungal Activity of Artemisia herba-alba Extracts on Growth of Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp.
Published on: 11th February, 2025
Plant extracts and their constituents have a long history as antifungal agents, but their use in biotechnology as preservatives, due to the increasing resistance of fungi to fungicides, has been rarely reported in Libya. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antifungal activity of ethanol extract and water extract of the wild native plant Artemisia herba-alba against two genera of mold fungi Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. This mold fungal causes significant damage to crops in the field or during storage. In this study, a hot ethanol extract was prepared using a device Soxhlet, and water extract hot as well as a cold ethanol extract and cold-water extract aqueous extract three concentrations (25% - 50% - 75%) of plant extracts were used on the tested fungi. All extracts showed an effect on the tested fungi. The concentrations of (75% - 50%) of the extracts had an effect on the tested fungi, while most concentrations of 25% of the extracts did not record any effect on the tested fungi. The hot ethanol extract of the Artemisia herba-alba plant was more effective than the other extracts. Aspergillus sp. was recorded with the highest inhibitory zone (0.73 mm).
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