patients

Background: Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) are the most common healthcare-associated complications, particularly in elderly patients. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of HAIs and associated risk factors in the IRCCS INRCA of Ancona.Methods: A cross-sectional study has been carried out. Data has been collected in accordance with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Point Prevalence Survey 2022-2023 (PPS3) protocol in the IRCCS INRCA of Ancona in November 2022.Results: Out of the 128 patients included in our study, 75.0% were over 78 years old and 9.1% presented an active HAI on the day of the survey. The prevalence of HAIs varied based on the length of the hospital stay (OR 1.1, CI 95% 1.05 - 1.17, p < 0.001) and hospitalization > 7 days (OR 5.9, CI 95% 1.2 - 28.7, p = 0.02).Conclusion: It is clear from our findings that HAIs are associated with advanced patient age, prolonged hospital stay, and use of medical devices, especially in those patients that, due to their clinical situation, are more vulnerable. Although some of these infections can easily be treated, it is important to develop effective infection control strategies thanks to antimicrobial stewardship programs.

Background: The clinical manifestations of Corona Virus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) varied from patient to patient with evidence of multi-organ involvement. Many patients continue to have a wide range of symptoms for variable periods of time. The long-term effects of COVID-19 infection (post-COVID-19 illness or syndrome) are not yet been fully explored.This study aims to highlight the clinical manifestations of the acute COVID-19 infection and the longer-term manifestations of the disease among the attendants to a private GP clinic in the Urban Amman Area, Jordan.Methods: A clinical case-series study was conducted on a sample of 300 COVID-19-positive cases among patients attending my private GP clinic in the Urban Amman Area, Jordan. We used the structured questionnaire based mainly on World Health Organization (WHO) Case Report Form (CRF) verified tool for post-COVID-19. All patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. Data collection was conducted through phone calls and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The incidence of COVID-19 among patients attending the clinic during the period of this study was 25%. Females were 135 (45%) of the study population and males were 165 (55%). The mean (SD) of age was 34.2 (5.0) years. Most of the infected staff (90%) were symptomatic and developed acute COVID-19 symptoms. Fever, Cough, Fatigue, joint pain and loss of smell and taste were the most common symptoms. 72% of the study population had fully recovered from the infection, while 28% of them continued to suffer from many long symptoms. Fatigue (28%), shortness of breath on activity (18%), Social withdrawal (18%), anxiety (17%), forgetfulness (16%), trouble concentrating (15) and depressed mood (14%) were the most frequently reported long symptoms.Conclusion: The prevalence of Post COVID-19 illness was 28% with a high public health burden calling for the public health system to address the medical and psychological needs of affected persons. Mental health and psychosocial support are recommended elements for the management of patients.

Background: Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) is the standard of care for transplant-eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) and patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R-HL) who achieve chemosensitivity after salvage therapy. Although autologous HSCT is routinely performed in an  inpatient setting, the procedure can safely be performed in an  outpatient setting.Methods and materials: A retrospective study of patients with MM and R/R- HL who received outpatient autologous HSCT at King Fahad Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia between the first of April 2017 and the 31st of January 2022 was performed.Results: Over the study period of 4 years and 10 months, a total of 90 outpatient autologous HSCTs were performed for 79 patients (54 patients with MM; 4 of them received planned tandem autografts and 7 other myeloma patients received second autologous HSCTs for relapsed or progressive disease; and 25 patients with R/R-HL) at our institution. The median ages of patients with MM and those with R/R-HL at HSCT were 50.4 years and 27.8 years respectively.At the presentation of their MM, the following high-risk (HR) features were encountered: stage II and III diseases according to the revised international scoring system (RISS) in 53.7%; adverse cytogenetics in 42.6% and extensive bone involvement in 53.7% of patients. In patients with HL at presentation, 48% of patients had stage IV disease according to Ann Arbor staging classification and 84% of patients had B symptoms.Survival for 100 days post-HSCT for all patients with MM and HL who received outpatient autologous transplants was 100%. For patients with MM, the overall survival (OS) rates at 3 years and 4 years post-HSCT were 80% and 67%, while the progression-free survival (PFS) rates over 3 years and 4 years were 58% and 38% respectively. For patients with HL, the OS at 6 years post-HSCT was 95% while the PFS rates at 3 years and 6 years post-HSCT were 84% and 62% respectively.Conclusion: Outpatient autologous HSCT for patients with MM and HL is safe, and feasible and can lead to short-term as well as long-term outcomes that are comparable to autologous transplantation performed in an  inpatient setting. Additional benefits of outpatient autologous include saving beds and reducing hospital costs.

Information regarding the effects of the novel coronavirus on human reproduction is currently limited. The objective of our work was to assess whether, in women who have passed the disease, there was a variation in the ovarian reserve through the determination of AMH levels. During May-June 2020, women performing an Assisted Reproductive treatment and who had a positive IgG for SARS-CoV-2 were included in the study; this group of women had a previous AMH determination of no more than 6 months. Women were stratified into two groups, according to their previous AMH levels: low responders (AMH<1 ng/ml) or normal-high responders (AMH ≥ 1 ng/ml) Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 19.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). A total of 46 patients were included in the study; 16 women were diagnosed as having low ovarian reserve (AMH < 1 ng/ml), with an average age of 38.6 years, whereas 30 were classified as having normal ovarian reserve (AMH ≥ 1 ng/ml), with an average age of 34.7 years. Generally, the data show no variation in AMH levels before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection (1.73 ng/ml vs. 1.61 ng/ml, respectively). However, when we analyzed these differences according to the study groups, the results were consistent with the patient's ovarian status. It is possible to conclude that the fact of having passed the disease does not affect the ovarian reserve status but the degree of the variation of AMH levels depending on the patient was a low or high responder.

Background: Detection of the deleterious effect of MR on LV is crucial in guiding the surgical decision. Aim of the study: Comprehensive assessment of LV with significant primary MR using (2D, 3D echo and CMR). Methods: 40 patients with significant MR have been recruited in a prospective study. Patients underwent 2D and 3D echo and CMR studies. LV volumes, function and GLS were calculated. Results: End diastolic and systolic volumes were significantly larger when measured by CMR (all p < 0.001). EDV measures were strongly correlated with CMR and 3D echocardiography. Conclusion: It’s important to identify early deleterious LV changes.

Introduction: Self-harm and depression are two related mental health issues that often co-occur and can have serious impacts on individuals and their well-being. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a complex and multifaceted mental health condition that is prevalent among young adults. It is a significant public health concern that affects individuals, families and society as a whole, contributing to considerable social, economic, and health-related costs. Despite the high prevalence of depression in young adults, there is a lack of understanding of its etiology, risk factors, and optimal treatment strategies. Self-harm behavior is a concerning manifestation of MDD that can have serious consequences, including injury, infection, or even death.Methods: In this article, we report a case of an MDD patient with self-harm behavior and discuss the assessment method and treatment options. Our aim is to raise awareness of these pathologies among psychiatrists and the general population and to highlight the importance of early diagnosis and effective treatment in reducing the risk of self-harm behavior and suicide.Conclusion: In light of the case presented, it is evident that early detection and targeted intervention are crucial in mitigating the risk of self-injurious behavior in MDD patients. The utilization of a comprehensive assessment methodology, inclusive of a thorough review of the patient’s clinical history and utilization of standardized rating scales, proved indispensable in the tailoring of an individualized treatment regimen. The amalgamation of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy proved to be a successful strategy in the amelioration of depressive symptoms and consequent self-harm behavior. As such, we trust that this case report will serve to sensitize clinicians to the importance of early identification and prompt management of these pathologies, in the quest for enhanced mental health outcomes.

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that involves multiple systems. Cutaneous involvement can manifest in patients with sarcoidosis and can present with or without systemic involvement. We present a case of cutaneous sarcoidosis in a Syrian woman that showed improvement after a combination of methotrexate and prednisolone therapy. The patient had unusual chest radiography findings and developed an unexplained fissured tongue after 5 days of receiving methotrexate therapy. In addition, the patient developed indurated erythematous plaque and papules on her upper right arm at the same location as a performed biopsy, which increased the diagnosis of a newly formed scar sarcoidosis although she was receiving her treatment.

Today, there are said to be some 590 million people of all ages around the world, who are suffering from a range of swallowing problems – probably about 4 million in the UK. Either living at home or as residents in some 20,000 Care Homes, with perhaps another 25,000 as patients in hospitals every day.Professor David Smithard, of the Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, has been leading a national campaign for some years to raise general awareness of Dysphagia and to improve the treatment of patients with varying conditions. He and his team at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital have now completed a detailed Review of the use of carbonated water (CW) in the treatment of Dysphagia, which has just been published and can be accessed here: https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/8/1/6The Review concludes that further evidence-based research is essential before CW can be adopted as standard in clinical practice – but that although the amount of evidence is small, there is a suggestion that swallows are safer and that secretion management improves, and consequently until further studies are undertaken, Carbonated Water should be limited to individual patient use.My experience as a Dysphagia sufferer is that the use of CW has resulted in life-changing benefits, and this paper is devoted to describing how CW worked for me, and what the practical requirements are, so that many others may be able to benefit as I have done. The paper has three sections: My Personal Experience, Practical Considerations, and Conclusions.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as depression and cognitive impairment. While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, there are various treatments available to manage symptoms and improve quality of life for patients.This case study examines a 65-year-old retired accountant, Mr. John Smith, who was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease five years ago. Mr. Smith has been treated with a combination of medications, including levodopa and carbidopa and physical therapy to manage his symptoms. However, his symptoms have not significantly improved.This literature review explores the current research on Parkinson’s disease, including its pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to a depletion of dopamine and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein, oxidative stress and inflammation. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, neurological examination and response to dopaminergic therapy. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, with medications and non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise and physical therapy. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical treatment option that has been shown to be effective in managing motor symptoms.While there is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, ongoing research into its pathophysiology and treatment holds promise for improving outcomes for patients. This case study highlights the importance of early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans for patients with Parkinson’s disease.

Hypertension is a risk factor for the development of heart failure and has a negative impact on the survival of these patients. Although patients with these two conditions usually take different antihypertensive medications, some patients do not achieve adequate blood pressure control and their hypertension becomes resistant or refractory. In this scenario, percutaneous renal denervation has emerged in recent years as an alternative to achieve blood pressure control goals. We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with a medical history of essential hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, unipolar depression, and diabetes, who was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (33%). Despite the initiation of multiple antihypertensive medications and placement of a cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker, the patient remained hypertensive with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 40%. At that time, percutaneous renal denervation was performed without complications, and one year after the procedure, the patient had improved better blood pressure control and the left ventricular ejection fraction increased to 51%. This case illustrates one of the clinical scenarios in which it has been suggested that renal denervation may be more beneficial, as in the situation of patients with refractory hypertension and heart failure.

Central venous catheter fracture and migration are rare complications in patients receiving long-term infusions or chemotherapy. We present a rare case of a chest port catheter fracture that migrated into the coronary sinus. This case is likely the fourth report of a port catheter fracture with migration to the coronary sinus. Because of the difficult-to-retrieve location, multiple attempts were unsuccessful with traditional techniques using a loop snare. Finally, the fractured portion was disengaged from the coronary sinus using a navigational electrophysiology catheter guided by intracardiac echocardiography; the dislodged end was snared and eventually removed by the femoral route. This case of a chest port catheter fracture is unique because of the unusual migration to the coronary sinus and the use of a navigational electrophysiology catheter as a novel retrieval technique.

Background: Measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is as important as metabolic control in the management and prevention of diabetes-related complications. Aim: To describe the self-reported HRQOL outcomes in Ghanaian children and adolescents with T1DM compared with healthy controls and perceived HRQOL by caregivers.Setting: Out-patient clinics of the Departments of Child Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, Family Medicine, and Ophthalmology, the National Diabetes Management and Research Centre (all at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital), and the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH).Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants were documented. Participants completed the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales. Data analysis was done with SPSS Version 25.0. An unpaired t-test was used in comparing the HRQOL scores between children and adolescents with T1DM and controls, and parental proxy reports. Results: Fifty children and adolescents with T1DM, 50 parents/caregivers, and 80 healthy non-diabetic controls took part in this study. There was no significant difference in mean score between the patients and the caregivers for overall HRQOL (p = 0.270). Patients reported significantly worse overall HRQOL than their controls (p = 0.001). Males with diabetes reported better HRQOL than females (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Children and adolescents with T1DM and their parents/caregivers reported lower HRQOL scores compared to healthy controls. Males reported better HRQOL than females. Potential implications: HRQOL should be routinely assessed together with proxy reports from parents to identify those who might benefit from further attention including referral to a psychologist.

Between coronary artery anomalies, myocardial bridging means an epicardial coronary artery, mostly left anterior descending artery (LAD), running through an intramyocardial “tunnel” (usually in the middle segment), leading during systolic contraction, flow reduction, through the vessel. When this anomaly is associated with a coronary fistula, which “steals” more from the bloodstream, the symptoms are more pronounced, and the management complex is surgical in particular. Despite the presence from birth remains asymptomatic and it becomes clinically manifest later in the third to fourth decade of life, with a diverse palette of symptoms; angina, arrhythmias, and acute myocardial infarction up to sudden death. Diagnosis and particular management, medical, interventional, and surgical should avoid major cardiac complications and sudden death. We present two adult patients, with coronary artery bridging, one case associated with coronary artery fistula, LAD to pulmonary artery trunk, very symptomatic with surgical management, and the second only myocardial bridging controlled with medication and supervision.

mRNA drugs are synthesized using cell-free systems without complex and stringent manufacturing processes, which makes their preparation simple, efficient, and economical. Over the past few years, mRNAs encoding antibodies have been one of the research frontiers of antibody drug development. In cancer immunotherapy, mRNAs encoding immune checkpoint antibodies may be advantageous regarding antibody persistence and durability of the anti-tumor immune response of patients. In our previous study, a candidate antibody—AET2010—targeting the novel immune checkpoint TIGIT was reported. Its anti-tumor activity was also investigated using adoptive transfer of NK-92MI cells in a xenograft mouse model, but the limitations of the model did not facilitate precise evaluation. In the present study, we further investigated the therapeutic potential of AET2010 for cancer in TIGIT-humanized BALB/c mice. Next, we explored the design, synthesis, and optimization of mRNAs encoding AET2010 and ultimately obtained a candidate mRNA (mRNA-BU) with favorable in vitro and in vivo expression levels of active AET2010. Particularly, lipid-nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA-BU delivered to mice produced AET2010 with significantly higher peak concentration and expression duration than an equivalent dose of original AET2010. This study provides a sound basis for developing novel drugs targeting TIGIT.

Gliomas are known to be one of the most grievous malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors and have a high mortality rate with a low survival rate severe disability and increase risk of recurrence. Aim of his study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in differentiating low-grade and high-grade gliomas, taking histopathology as the gold standard. It is a Cross-sectional validation study conducted at the Armed Forces Institute of Radiology and Imaging, (AFIRI) Rawalpindi, Pakistan from 28th February 2022 to 27th August 2022.Materials and methods: A total of 215 patients with focal brain lesions of age 25-65 years of either gender were included. Patients with a cardiac pacemaker, breastfeeding females, de-myelinating lesions and malignant infiltrates, and renal failure were excluded. Then diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed on each patient by using a 1.5 Tesla MR system. The area of greatest diffusion restriction (lowest ADC) within the solid tumor component was identified while avoiding areas of peritumoral edema. Results of ADC were interpreted by a consultant radiologist (at least 5 years of post-fellowship experience) for high or low-grade glioma. After this, each patient has undergone a biopsy in the concerned ward, and histopathology results were compared with ADC findings. Results: Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in differentiating low- and high-grade gliomas, taking histopathology as the gold standard was 93.65%, 87.64%, 91.47%, 90.70% and 91.16% respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) is the non-invasive modality of choice with high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating low- and high-grade gliomas.

The COVID-19 Pandemic, which began in March 2020, and its associated surges, had an immense impact on our medical staff and their ability to perform their daily duties.The COVID-19 Pandemic necessitated hospital modifications, including the expansion of the Emergency Department, ICU, and Isolation units. The overwhelmed staff and overburdened ER and ICU required adjustments to deal with the Inpatient impasse. For example, temporary patient care rooms needed to be set up for the overflow of patients. The tsunami of the Pandemic almost overwhelmed our hospital.With the challenges presented to our hospital during the Pandemic, we needed a fresh perspective to our multi-disciplinary approach. Thus, we fathomed that the use and cost-effectiveness of both Dalbavancin, a long-acting lipoglycopeptide antibiotic combined with the diagnostic Moleculight Imaging Device would be a sound decision.We hypothesized that with the use of this cost-effective antibiotic in conjunction with the use of the Moleculight Imaging Device, with its fluorescent imaging, we could detect the presence of bacteria and assist our wound treatment and decision-making.A shift in patients from the Emergency Room/Inpatient Department to the Outpatient Department/Wound Care Center was made possible with the use of these two novel products.

To reduce bleaching side effects, the use of low concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide (HP) agents associated with hybrid light (violet LED/Diode Laser) has gained interest. Case report: The aim of this report is to describe a case of a 16-year-old patient that presented a complaint related to the color of his teeth and a maxillary midline diastema. In-office bleaching with 6% HP associated with hybrid light (violet LED/Diode Laser) was performed. The bleaching gel was applied once on the teeth and light-activated for 1 minute (15 times) followed by 1min intervals (15 times) with a total bleaching time of 30 minutes. After the bleaching procedure, the teeth were polished and the desensitizer was applied for 4 minutes. Two bleaching sessions were performed at a 1-week interval. The diastema was closed with direct resin composite restorations without any tooth preparation. The conventional 3-step bonding agent was used and A1 dentin shade and B1 enamel shade were used followed by polishing discs. At 3-year recall, discoloration and fractures were not found on the the teeth or restorations and patient was completely satisfied. Conclusion: the conservative and safe option of bleaching with a low-concentrated HP gel associated with violet LED light is an interesting option for young patients and presents longevity over time.

Dentistry is an ever-evolving field that has seen significant advances in recent years. This article sheds light on some of the current and emerging trends in oral health care, including digital dentistry, regenerative medicine, and the use of lasers. For example, digital dentistry involves the use of computer-aided design and manufacturing technology, which enables more accurate and efficient production of dental devices. On the other hand, regenerative medicine and nanoDentistry can be considered promising area that combines the use of stem cells, growth factors, biomaterials, and nanotechnology to regenerate damaged tissue and improve treatment outcomes. Lasers are increasingly being used in dentistry for a range of applications, including the treatment of gum disease and teeth whitening. Other developing technologies such as 3D printing and artificial intelligence are also being increasingly incorporated into dentistry, providing improved treatment options for our patients. Last yet definitely would/will not least, controlled drug delivery systems are being developed to deliver drugs to specific target sites in a localized and sustained manner, reducing the risk of adverse effects. Currently, these emerging trends are transforming the landscape of odontology and beyond. Hence, in this mini-Review, we explore such trends in oro-dental and cranio-maxillo-facial indications to highlight the potential benefits, advancements, and opportunities of applications for improved patient care.

Background: Measurable residual disease (MRD) status before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) is commonly associated with a high risk of relapse. It is still uncertain whether AHSCT could overcome the negative impact of MRD positivity (MRD+), especially in patients with high-risk Philadelphia negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-negative ALL). Materials and methods: An observational retrospective study was conducted on patients with high-risk Ph-negative ALL who underwent AHSCT between January 2005 and June 2022. The patients selected were in complete remission (CR): with 80% in CR1 (n = 69) and 20% in CR2 (n = 17). Graft sources were bone marrow (BM) in 71% of patients and peripheral blood stem cells in 29% of patients. The conditioning regimen was TBI or chemotherapy-based (CT). Bone marrow MRD level was quantified using 4-6 color multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC). The threshold for MRD positivity was ≥ 0.1%. Results: The study included 86 patients (45 B-ALL and 41 T-ALL) with a median age of 18 years (range, 4–55 years). The median level of MRD pre-AHSCT (pre-MRD) was 0.4×10-3 (range, 0.01-75.6×10-3). After a median follow-up of 25 months (range 1-205 months), the cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was significantly higher in the MRD+ group (39% vs. 20%, p = 0.04). The median time of relapse post-AHSCT was 14 months (range, 1-203 months) in the MRD+ group and 32 months (range, 4-209 months) in the MRD- group (p = 0.28). Non-relapse mortality (NRM) was 15% in both groups (p = 0.97). The 2-year estimated overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were 61% vs. 74% (p = 0.07) and 58% vs. 70% (p = 0.10) in the MRD+ and MRD- groups, respectively. A subgroup analysis in MRD+ patients showed that a TBI-based conditioning regimen was distinctly associated with lower CIR (22% vs. 60% respectively, p = 0.04), improved OS (82% vs. 36% respectively, p = 0.007) and better EFS (73% vs. 38%, p = 0.04) compared to CT-based. In a multivariate analysis, pre-AHSCT MRD+ status and non-TBI-based conditioning were significantly associated with inferior OS (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, [1.027-5.168], p = 0.04 and OR, 3.91; 95% CI, [1.624-9.418], p = 0.002, respectively). The only predicting factor of lower EFS was the non-TBI-based regimen (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, [1.308-6.097], p = 0.008). Non-TBI-based and CR2 were significantly associated with higher CIR (OR, 6.25; 95% CI, [1.947-20.055], p = 0.002 and OR, 4.74; 95% CI, [1.197-18.791], p = 0.03, respectively). Peripheral stem cell source was significantly associated with higher NRM (OR, 6.55; 95% CI, [1.488-28.820], p = 0.01). Conclusion: High-risk Ph-negative ALL patients with MRD ≥ 10-3 prior AHSCT had lower OS compared to MRD- patients and may benefit from TBI as a conditioning regimen before AHSCT.

Drug addiction remains a major health concern following its devastating consequences to the users and the economy. Current statistics show a rising trend in substance abuse around the globe with approximately 284 million people engaging in drug abuse. Various approaches are used to treat the victims of drug abuse. Cognitive behavior therapy, a form of nonpharmacological intervention, has also been shown to be an effective treatment option for drug addiction. The use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has grown since the 1970s to become one of the most important models of psychotherapy in this decade. Various empirical studies have shown the efficacy of CBT in well-controlled trials. A total of 19 randomized trials (cases) (with over 1400 patients treated) were selected and studied. In the various cases, results showed that patients were treated for drug and substance abuse disorders with the majority being those who abused cannabis, cocaine, alcohol and other opioids. In most cases, the CBT techniques that were used for drug addiction included cognitive restructuring, relapse prevention and contingency management. Components of CBT for drug addiction include skills and training, amplification of non-substance-related activities, approaches for managing urges, drug rejection and improvement of social aptitudes. Cognitive restructuring focuses on the identification of misconceptions and influencing the way people think about themselves by eliminating distorted thinking. Relapse prevention focuses on the identification and prevention of high-risk situations that may trigger the patient to engage in drug abuse. Contingency management reinforces positive behaviors and reduces negative behaviors through the use of rewards and incentives.